What are the main symptoms of lupus erythematosus?

Lupus erythematosus is a chronic autoimmune disease with diverse symptoms that can affect multiple systems throughout the body. Main symptoms include:

1. Cutaneous and mucosal system: A butterfly-shaped rash commonly appears on the face, along with erythema multiforme, discoid erythema, and occasionally skin ulcers and oral mucosal ulcers. Erythematous rashes may occur in about half of the patients.

2. Musculoskeletal system: Joint pain and arthritis are common, typically symmetric, and often involve the joints of the hands, wrists, knees, and others.

3. Systemic symptoms: Nonspecific manifestations such as fatigue, fever, weight loss, and lymphadenopathy.

4. Internal organ involvement: If the kidneys are affected, symptoms such as hematuria, proteinuria, and edema may occur; pulmonary involvement can lead to coughing and chest tightness; gastrointestinal involvement may cause decreased appetite, abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting.

5. Hematologic abnormalities: Anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and others.

6. Neurological symptoms: Headaches, cognitive dysfunction, epileptic seizures, psychiatric symptoms, and others.

7. Pulmonary involvement: Pleuritis, interstitial lung disease, pulmonary hypertension, and others.

Diagnosis of lupus erythematosus requires comprehensive evaluation based on clinical presentation, laboratory tests, and pathological findings. If similar symptoms occur, timely medical consultation and examination are recommended.