What are the effects of high blood sugar during pregnancy on the fetus?

During pregnancy, if a pregnant woman's blood glucose levels remain consistently high, it may have the following adverse effects on the fetus:

1. Increased risk of fetal malformations: High blood glucose levels during pregnancy may lead to an increased incidence of fetal malformations. The rate of severe malformations is 7 to 10 times higher than in normal pregnancies, increasing the risk of congenital abnormalities such as solitary kidney and tracheoesophageal fistula.

2. Increased risk of difficult labor: A high-glucose environment may cause excessive fetal weight gain, known as macrosomia, thereby increasing the difficulty of delivery and the risk of complications.

3. Increased disease risk: High blood glucose can stimulate increased insulin secretion in the fetus, promoting fat and protein synthesis, leading to excessive fetal growth, especially enlargement of internal organs, and increasing the risk of diseases such as neonatal hypoglycemia and respiratory distress syndrome.

4. Fetal malnutrition and growth retardation: A state of high blood glucose may disrupt the mother's metabolic functions, leading to fetal malnutrition and affecting its normal growth and development, resulting in fetal growth restriction or delayed growth.

Pregnant women are advised to strictly control their blood glucose levels during pregnancy to avoid adverse effects on the fetus. If there are any concerns or discomfort, they should seek timely medical consultation.