What are the treatment methods for rheumatoid arthritis?

Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic, systemic autoimmune disease primarily characterized by symmetric polyarthritis, which can affect small joints in the hands and feet. In severe cases, it may lead to joint deformities and loss of function. The goals of treating rheumatoid arthritis are to relieve symptoms, control disease activity, prevent joint damage, preserve joint function, and improve quality of life. The main treatment approaches include the following:

1. Medication therapy: This primarily includes nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), glucocorticoids, disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), and biologic agents. Among these, DMARDs such as methotrexate, sulfasalazine, and leflunomide can inhibit disease progression. Biologic agents, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF) antagonists and interleukin-6 (IL-6) receptor antagonists, target specific inflammatory mediators and offer significant efficacy, although close monitoring for adverse reactions is required.

2. Physical therapy: This includes heat application, cold compresses, electrotherapy, and massage, which can improve blood circulation, alleviate muscle tension and pain, and reduce joint inflammation and swelling. Patients can choose appropriate physical therapies based on their individual conditions.

3. Exercise therapy: During periods of stable disease, appropriate joint range-of-motion exercises and muscle-strengthening activities can enhance joint stability and flexibility and help prevent joint deformities. However, attention should be paid to the intensity and method of exercise to avoid excessive fatigue and joint injury.

4. Lifestyle modifications: Maintaining good posture, avoiding prolonged static postures or overuse of joints, staying warm, and avoiding exposure to cold or damp environments are important. A balanced diet with adequate nutrition should be maintained to support immune function.

5. Surgical treatment: For patients with severe disease unresponsive to medication and physical therapy, surgical intervention may be considered. Surgical options include joint replacement, joint fusion, and arthroscopic surgery, which can improve joint function and quality of life.

The treatment of rheumatoid arthritis requires a comprehensive evaluation of multiple factors and an individualized treatment plan. Patients should actively cooperate with their physicians, undergo regular follow-up visits, and strive to control disease activity and improve quality of life.