What causes mouth swelling and pain?

Generally, oral swelling and pain may be caused by various factors such as oral mucosal injury, hormonal changes, mouth ulcers, pericoronitis of wisdom teeth, or periapical inflammation. It is recommended to seek timely medical attention, identify the underlying cause, and receive appropriate treatment under the guidance of a qualified healthcare professional.

1. Oral Mucosal Injury

After oral mucosal injury, local inflammatory reactions may occur, leading to redness, swelling, and pain. Mild injuries can be relieved by rinsing with saline solution or using oral sprays containing benzalkonium chloride or lidocaine to alleviate symptoms and promote wound healing.

2. Hormonal Changes

Women may experience increased sensitivity of the oral mucosa during menstruation, pregnancy, or menopause due to fluctuations in hormone levels, which can lead to oral swelling and pain. Maintaining good oral hygiene, brushing regularly with fluoride toothpaste, and using mild mouthwash can help keep the mouth clean and reduce discomfort.

3. Mouth Ulcers

Mouth ulcers may be associated with immune system issues, genetic factors, and others. They typically appear as round or oval depressions on the oral mucosa with red, swollen edges and significant pain. Symptoms often include discomfort during swallowing and reduced appetite. Under medical supervision, patients may use medications such as compound benzocaine gel, cydiodine lozenges, or levamisole hydrochloride tablets for treatment.

4. Pericoronitis of Wisdom Teeth

Pericoronitis is mainly caused by poor oral hygiene or improper positioning of the wisdom tooth, resulting in inflammation of the surrounding gum tissue. Symptoms include local swelling and pain, possible facial swelling, and limited mouth opening. Patients may take medications such as cefaclor dispersible tablets, amoxicillin capsules, or acetaminophen tablets as directed by a physician.

5. Periapical Inflammation

Periapical inflammation is usually caused by infection or chemical irritation. The inflammation leads to vasodilation and congestion in the tissues surrounding the tooth root, causing redness, swelling, and pain. Additional symptoms may include loose teeth and pain upon biting. Patients are advised to take medications such as metronidazole tablets, ibuprofen sustained-release capsules, or azithromycin dispersible tablets under the guidance of a healthcare provider to relieve symptoms.

In daily life, maintaining good oral hygiene, eating a light diet, and avoiding spicy or irritating foods can contribute to better oral health.