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What are the side effects of Metronidazole?

Feb 14, 2025 Source: Cainiu Health
Dr. Bai Hongmei
Introduction
The side effects of metronidazole include allergic reactions, gastrointestinal discomfort, hematologic system disorders, central nervous system impairment, and abnormal liver function. Metronidazole should not be used in certain populations such as lactating women, children, and individuals with alcohol abuse problems, to avoid stimulating the body and causing discomfort. When using metronidazole, it is essential to follow medical instructions or medication guidelines provided in the package insert to ensure safe medication use.

Generally, metronidazole is a synthetic nitroimidazole derivative and belongs to the class of antibacterial and antiparasitic drugs. Common formulations of metronidazole include metronidazole tablets and metronidazole injection. Side effects of metronidazole include allergic reactions, gastrointestinal discomfort, hematologic system disorders, central nervous system impairment, and liver function abnormalities. Detailed explanations are as follows:

1. Allergic Reactions

If a patient is allergic to metronidazole or its components, symptoms such as localized itching, rash, urticaria, and skin erythema may occur. Severe cases may also experience gastrointestinal symptoms, including nausea and diarrhea. The drug should be discontinued promptly, and antiallergic medications should be used under a physician's guidance for treatment.

2. Gastrointestinal Discomfort

Metronidazole can easily irritate the gastrointestinal mucosa, causing symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, stomach discomfort, diarrhea, abdominal cramps, dry mouth, and a metallic taste in the mouth. These symptoms can be alleviated by taking the medication after meals or adopting a pattern of eating smaller, more frequent meals.

3. Hematologic System Disorders

A very small number of individuals may show reversible decreases in white blood cells and red blood cells during blood tests after taking metronidazole, leading to abnormal test results. These symptoms typically improve spontaneously after discontinuation of the medication.

4. Central Nervous System Impairment

Metronidazole may affect the central nervous system, causing symptoms such as headache, dizziness, fatigue, vertigo, ataxia, abnormal sensations, and limb numbness. A few patients may also experience insomnia and symptoms of polyneuritis. These symptoms are generally reversible and tend to gradually resolve after discontinuation of the drug.

5. Liver Function Abnormalities

Metronidazole may cause abnormal liver function, including elevated liver enzymes, hepatitis, liver failure, jaundice, and drug-induced liver injury. These side effects may be related to the hepatotoxic effects of metronidazole, and the risk may increase with long-term or excessive use. Therefore, liver function should be monitored regularly during treatment with metronidazole.

Metronidazole is not recommended for use in breastfeeding women, children, and individuals who consume excessive alcohol, to avoid causing bodily discomfort. When using metronidazole, it is essential to follow medical advice or the medication instructions provided in the package insert to ensure safe drug use.

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