What are the side effects of metformin?
Mar 09, 2025
Source: Cainiu Health
Dr. Bai Hongmei
Introduction
Under normal circumstances, the dosage forms of metformin include tablets, granules, capsules, etc. Side effects of metformin include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal distension, lactic acidosis, etc. During treatment with metformin, it is important to regularly monitor renal function, especially in elderly patients, those with a history of kidney disease, or others who may have factors affecting kidney function.
Generally, metformin is available in various dosage forms including tablets, granules, and capsules. Side effects of metformin include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, bloating, and lactic acidosis. If medication is needed, it is recommended to use it as directed by a physician. Detailed explanations are as follows:
1. Nausea
After taking metformin, the medication may irritate the gastrointestinal mucosa and interfere with normal digestive functions, thereby causing nausea. This is often accompanied by upper abdominal discomfort and may affect the patient's appetite.
2. Vomiting
Some patients may experience more intense gastrointestinal irritation, resulting in vomiting. This can lead to the expulsion of food from the stomach, potentially causing nutrient loss and dehydration, which may affect overall health.
3. Diarrhea
Metformin increases intestinal motility, shortening the time food remains in the intestines and reducing adequate water absorption, which may lead to diarrhea. The frequency of bowel movements may increase, and the stool may become loose or watery, possibly affecting the patient's daily life and work.
4. Bloating
The medication may interfere with the normal release of gas from the intestines, causing gas accumulation and resulting in bloating. Patients may feel abdominal fullness and discomfort, sometimes accompanied by increased bowel sounds.
5. Lactic Acidosis
Metformin inhibits hepatic gluconeogenesis. In certain situations, such as when patients have hepatic or renal insufficiency, hypoxia, or other conditions, this may lead to increased lactic acid production and impaired metabolism, potentially causing lactic acidosis. Patients may experience symptoms such as fatigue and deep, rapid breathing; in severe cases, this condition can be life-threatening.
During metformin treatment, it is important to regularly monitor kidney function, especially for elderly patients, those with a history of kidney disease, or those with other conditions that may affect renal function.
