Why does hypoglycemia cause convulsions and seizures?
Sep 06, 2024
Source: Cainiu Health
Dr. Yang Ziqi
Introduction
In general, seizures and convulsions caused by hypoglycemia are associated with increased neuromuscular excitability, electrolyte disturbances, insulin autoimmune hypoglycemia, adrenal cortical insufficiency, and cirrhosis. Hypoglycemia can indirectly cause electrolyte imbalances, particularly abnormalities in calcium and magnesium ions, leading to increased neuromuscular excitability and resulting in spasms and convulsions.
Generally, hypoglycemia-induced convulsions and muscle spasms are associated with increased neuromuscular excitability, electrolyte imbalances, insulin autoimmune hypoglycemia, adrenal cortical insufficiency, cirrhosis, and other conditions. If discomfort occurs, prompt medical attention is recommended. Specific analyses are as follows:
1. Increased Neuromuscular Excitability
Glucose is the primary energy source for the brain and nervous system. When blood glucose levels are too low, neurons lack sufficient energy supply. To maintain basic function, neuronal excitability abnormally increases, which may lead to excessive muscle excitation and spasms. Immediate intake of sugary foods or drinks—such as glucose tablets, fruit juice, or candy—is necessary to rapidly raise blood glucose levels.
2. Electrolyte Imbalance
Hypoglycemia can indirectly cause electrolyte disturbances, particularly abnormalities in calcium and magnesium ions, leading to increased neuromuscular excitability and resulting in convulsions or spasms. It is recommended to quickly replenish sugar to correct the hypoglycemic state, while simultaneously monitoring and adjusting electrolyte balance.
4. Insulin Autoimmune Hypoglycemia
Insulin autoimmune hypoglycemia is an autoimmune disorder in which patients produce antibodies against insulin, causing abnormal insulin secretion, decreased blood glucose levels, and subsequent convulsions and spasms. Patients often also experience symptoms such as weight loss, polydipsia (excessive thirst), and polyuria (frequent urination). Treatment should follow medical advice and may include medications such as cyclosporine soft capsules, tacrolimus extended-release capsules, and dexamethasone sodium phosphate injection.
5. Adrenal Cortical Insufficiency
Adrenal cortical insufficiency is caused by factors such as infection, surgical injury, or medication. It may impair the secretion of blood glucose-regulating hormones, leading to decreased blood glucose levels that fail to meet the energy demands of nerve and muscle tissues, thus triggering convulsions and spasms. Common accompanying symptoms include fatigue, weight loss, and reduced sexual function. Treatment under medical guidance may involve medications such as fludrocortisone acetate tablets, sotalol hydrochloride tablets, and vitamin C yinqiao tablets.
5. Cirrhosis
Cirrhosis is primarily associated with viral infections, genetic and metabolic disorders, circulatory disturbances, and other factors. The liver is the main site for glycogen storage and breakdown. Cirrhosis can impair glycogen synthesis and degradation, leading to decreased blood glucose levels that cannot meet the energy needs of neural and muscular tissues, thereby causing convulsions and spasms. Additional symptoms typically include jaundice and ascites. Treatment should be conducted under medical supervision using medications such as entecavir tablets, compound glycyrrhizin tablets, and tenofovir alafenamide fumarate tablets.
It is recommended to develop healthy lifestyle habits, maintain a proper balance between work and rest, and avoid excessive fatigue to promote overall health.
