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What hormones can be secreted by the intestines and fat cells?

Mar 22, 2025 Source: Cainiu Health
Dr. Shen Yonghua
Introduction
Under normal circumstances, the intestines and fat cells can secrete hormones such as gastrin, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), cholecystokinin, leptin, and adiponectin. Gastrin is primarily secreted by G cells in the gastric antrum and duodenum. It stimulates the proliferation of gastric mucosal cells, promotes the secretion of gastric acid and pepsinogen, and enhances motility of the stomach and small intestine, aiding in digestion and propulsion of food.

     Under normal circumstances, the intestines and adipocytes can secrete various hormones, including gastrin, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), cholecystokinin, leptin, and adiponectin. Details are as follows:

    

     1. Gastrin

     Gastrin is mainly secreted by G cells in the gastric antrum and duodenum. It stimulates the proliferation of gastric mucosal cells, promotes the secretion of gastric acid and pepsinogen, and enhances motility in the stomach and small intestine, thereby aiding digestion and food propulsion.

     2. Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1)

     GLP-1 is secreted by intestinal L cells. GLP-1 stimulates insulin secretion, inhibits glucagon secretion, and thereby lowers blood glucose levels. At the same time, it can delay gastric emptying, reduce appetite, and help control food intake.

     3. Cholecystokinin (CCK)

     CCK is secreted by I cells in the mucosa of the duodenum and jejunum. CCK stimulates gallbladder contraction, promoting the release of bile into the small intestine, which aids in fat digestion and absorption. Additionally, it stimulates pancreatic secretion of digestive enzymes and acts on the brain to induce satiety and regulate appetite.

     4. Leptin

     Leptin is a protein hormone secreted by adipocytes. It acts on leptin receptors in the hypothalamus, regulating appetite and energy metabolism, reducing food intake, increasing energy expenditure, and inhibiting adipocyte synthesis, thus maintaining a relatively stable body weight.

     5. Adiponectin

     Adiponectin is a protein specifically secreted by adipose tissue. Adiponectin has multiple physiological functions, including enhancing insulin sensitivity, improving glucose and lipid metabolism, and exerting anti-inflammatory and anti-atherosclerotic effects, thus providing protective benefits to the cardiovascular system.

     These hormones collectively participate in various physiological processes in the body, including metabolic regulation, energy balance, and immune modulation.

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