How to test for AIDS
May 26, 2025
Source: Cainiu Health
Dr. Yang Ziqi
Introduction
Collect blood or saliva samples and detect HIV antibodies produced by the human body using methods such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). This method is simple to operate and cost-effective, but has a window period, generally requiring 4–12 weeks after infection for detection, and multiple tests are needed to confirm the result. Combined antigen-antibody testing: simultaneously detects HIV p24 antigen and antibodies, shortening the window period to 2–4 weeks.
HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) infection can generally be detected through antibody testing, combined antigen-antibody testing, nucleic acid testing, rapid testing, and immunoblotting.
1. Antibody Testing: This method collects blood or saliva samples and detects HIV antibodies produced by the body using techniques such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). It is simple to operate and cost-effective but has a window period, generally requiring 4-12 weeks after infection for detection. Multiple tests are needed to confirm results.
2. Combined Antigen-Antibody Testing: This method simultaneously detects HIV p24 antigen and antibodies, shortening the window period to 2-4 weeks and offering higher accuracy. It is suitable for early screening, using blood samples detected via techniques such as chemiluminescence, and is a commonly used initial screening method in clinical practice.
3. Nucleic Acid Testing: This method directly detects HIV RNA in blood, with a window period of only 7-11 days, allowing rapid confirmation of infection. It is primarily used for diagnosing acute infections or when antibody test results are inconclusive, enabling precise measurement of viral load. However, this testing method is more expensive.
4. Rapid Testing: Using whole blood, serum, or saliva samples, this method provides results within 15-30 minutes and is convenient and fast. It is suitable for on-site screening, and positive results require laboratory retesting for confirmation, helping to identify infected individuals promptly.
5. Immunoblotting: This method is mainly used for confirmatory testing. When initial screening tests are positive, immunoblotting is used for further analysis of specific antibody bands to determine infection. It is considered the "gold standard" for HIV diagnosis.
Through scientific testing methods and management measures, HIV infection can be detected and controlled promptly, protecting patients' health and safety.
