What items should be included in a physical examination?
Nov 05, 2025
Source: Cainiu Health
Dr. Yang Ziqi
Introduction
Core components of a routine physical examination generally include complete blood count (CBC), liver and kidney function tests, chest imaging, abdominal ultrasound, as well as blood pressure and blood glucose measurements. By analyzing indicators such as red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets in the blood, this examination helps identify conditions like anemia, infection, or abnormal coagulation, serving as a fundamental assessment of basic health status.
Routine physical examinations typically include core tests such as complete blood count (CBC), liver and kidney function tests, chest imaging, abdominal ultrasound, and blood pressure and glucose testing. A detailed analysis is as follows:
1. Complete Blood Count (CBC): This test evaluates red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and other indicators to detect conditions such as anemia, infections, or abnormal blood clotting. As a fundamental assessment of basic health status, it provides initial reference information for further evaluation and diagnosis.
2. Liver and Kidney Function Tests: These assess the liver's metabolic capacity and the kidneys' excretory function by measuring markers such as transaminases, bilirubin, creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen. They help detect early signs of liver damage or declining kidney function, and are especially recommended for individuals who consume alcohol regularly, take long-term medications, or have a family history of related diseases.
3. Chest Imaging: Commonly performed via chest X-ray or low-dose CT scan, this allows clear visualization of the lungs and mediastinum, enabling screening for pneumonia, tuberculosis, pulmonary nodules, and other lung conditions. It is an essential preventive screening tool for individuals with a history of smoking or exposure to dusty environments.
4. Abdominal Ultrasound: This examines abdominal organs including the liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, and kidneys, assessing their size, shape, and structural integrity. It helps detect abnormalities such as stones, cysts, and tumors early. The procedure is non-invasive and involves no radiation exposure.
5. Blood Pressure and Blood Glucose Testing: Blood pressure measurement helps identify hypertension, while fasting blood glucose testing screens for diabetes risk. Both indicators are closely linked to cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Regular monitoring enables early detection of metabolic disorders and timely intervention.
Prior to a physical exam, individuals should follow medical instructions such as fasting and avoiding strenuous exercise to ensure accurate results. Annual routine check-ups are recommended, with test items adjusted according to age, gender, and medical history, to establish a habit of long-term health monitoring.
