What are the symptoms of bipolar disorder?

Bipolar disorder manifests through various symptoms, typically reflected in emotional hyperarousal during manic episodes, low mood during depressive episodes, extreme fluctuations in energy levels, abnormal changes in sleep requirements, and alternating impulsive and slowed behaviors. A detailed analysis is as follows:

1. Emotional hyperarousal during manic episodes: During manic phases, individuals experience persistently elevated and excited moods. They may become excessively agitated or irritable over minor issues, speak rapidly, frequently shift topics, display excessive confidence in their abilities, and even develop unrealistic plans or ideas.

2. Low mood during depressive episodes: When entering a depressive phase, mood sharply declines into sadness and hopelessness. Individuals lose interest in nearly all activities, often experience intense feelings of guilt, avoid social interactions, and lack motivation to engage even in previously enjoyed activities.

3. Extreme fluctuations in energy levels: During manic episodes, individuals feel abnormally energetic and can remain active for long periods without rest while still feeling vigorous. In contrast, during depressive episodes, energy levels severely decline—simple daily tasks such as getting out of bed or dressing may require significant effort, and some may remain bedridden.

4. Abnormal changes in sleep needs: During manic episodes, the need for sleep decreases significantly; individuals may function on only 2–3 hours of sleep per night without feeling tired, and may even suffer from insomnia. During depressive episodes, sleep becomes disrupted—individuals may either experience insomnia with frequent nighttime awakenings or fall into prolonged hypersomnia, struggling to wake up.

5. Alternating impulsive and slowed behaviors: Manic episodes are often marked by impulsive actions such as reckless spending, speeding, or hasty decision-making. In contrast, during depressive episodes, behavior becomes markedly slowed—movements are sluggish, reactions delayed, speech volume decreases, and utterances become brief and sparse.

If extreme and alternating emotional and behavioral changes are observed, especially when they persistently interfere with daily life and work, it is essential to promptly seek help from a psychiatrist. Professional diagnosis and treatment can help manage symptoms effectively. At the same time, family members and close friends should offer understanding and companionship, and assist in monitoring changes in the individual's condition.