How to test for hepatitis A, hepatitis C, and hepatitis E

Generally, hepatitis A, hepatitis C, and hepatitis E are common types of viral hepatitis. Diagnosis requires a combination of etiological testing and liver function evaluation, including tests for hepatitis A virus antibodies, hepatitis C virus nucleic acid, hepatitis C virus antibodies, hepatitis E virus antibodies, and liver function tests. Specific details are as follows:

1. Hepatitis A virus antibody test: This test detects antibodies produced in response to the hepatitis A virus, divided into IgM and IgG types. A positive IgM indicates recent infection and is key to diagnosing the acute phase; a positive IgG suggests past infection or immunity developed after vaccination. The test involves venous blood sampling and does not require fasting.

2. Hepatitis C virus nucleic acid test: By detecting hepatitis C virus RNA in the blood, this test directly confirms the presence and replication status of the virus, serving as a crucial basis for early diagnosis and assessment of treatment efficacy in hepatitis C. With high sensitivity, it can identify infections during the window period. No special preparation is required before blood collection.

3. Hepatitis C virus antibody test: Used as an initial screening method for hepatitis C, a positive result requires further nucleic acid testing to confirm infection. These antibodies are not protective; positivity only indicates prior exposure to the virus. The test is simple and commonly included in routine health checkups.

4. Hepatitis E virus antibody test: Similar to the hepatitis A antibody test, it also includes IgM and IgG types. A positive IgM indicates recent hepatitis E infection, which is especially significant for high-risk groups such as pregnant women; a positive IgG indicates past infection. This test helps determine the stage of hepatitis E infection and guides clinical management.

5. Liver function test: Assesses the degree of liver damage by measuring indicators such as transaminases and bilirubin. All three types of hepatitis may lead to abnormal liver function. Although this test cannot provide a definitive diagnosis on its own, it reflects disease severity and provides important reference for developing treatment plans. Fasting is required before blood collection.

When suspecting infection with hepatitis A, C, or E, individuals should promptly visit a qualified medical institution to undergo appropriate diagnostic tests. After a confirmed diagnosis, treatment should be conducted under medical guidance. Maintaining good personal hygiene and avoiding unhygienic food and drink in daily life can reduce the risk of infection.