What Causes Atelectasis in Newborns?
May 13, 2022
Source: Cainiu Health
Dr. Xie Zixing
Introduction
External compression of the lung parenchyma or bronchi. Impaired thoracic cage movement, diaphragmatic dysfunction, restricted lung expansion, and extrinsic tracheal compression can all affect the abdominal cavity, leading to fluid accumulation (e.g., pleural effusion), which in turn impairs pulmonary function and causes atelectasis. Alternatively, atelectasis may result from obstruction of the bronchioles or bronchial lumen. Bronchial lesions—such as those caused by inflammation—can also lead to obstruction due to bronchial edema and swelling.
Atelectasis in newborns is relatively common during infancy, especially shortly after birth—this period carries the highest risk for developing atelectasis. So, what causes atelectasis in newborns?
Causes of Neonatal Atelectasis
External compression of lung parenchyma or bronchi may occur due to impaired thoracic wall movement, diaphragmatic dysfunction, restricted lung expansion, or extrinsic tracheal compression. Such factors can affect the abdominal cavity—leading to fluid accumulation (e.g., pleural effusion)—which in turn compromises pulmonary function and results in atelectasis. Alternatively, atelectasis may arise from obstruction of the bronchioles or bronchial lumen. For instance, foreign bodies—including milk, rice, or other food particles—may become lodged in the bronchi if the infant fails to swallow completely or experiences impaired swallowing.
Bronchial pathology itself can also cause obstruction—for example, inflammation-induced swelling of the bronchial mucosa. Infants have narrow airways that are easily obstructed, particularly when suffering from pulmonary inflammatory diseases such as pneumonia, bronchitis, pertussis, or measles. In bronchial asthma, mucosal edema, smooth muscle spasm, and thickened secretions collectively obstruct the airway, potentially triggering atelectasis.
Atelectasis is commonly observed in the neonatal period and may result from various causes leading to pulmonary tissue collapse or inadequate aeration—most frequently occurring in the context of pulmonary surfactant deficiency. Recommended management includes: promoting exclusive breastfeeding; implementing chest physiotherapy (e.g., repositioning the infant or gentle back percussion); ensuring adequate indoor ventilation while maintaining appropriate thermal regulation for the newborn; promptly clearing oral secretions; and actively cooperating with healthcare providers for targeted medical interventions. We hope this information proves helpful.
