What does it mean to have black discharge outside of menstrual period?

Sep 13, 2022 Source: Cainiu Health
Disease description:

Recently, I've had black discharge from the vagina, which feels very abnormal because my menstrual period hasn't started yet. So I'd like to ask, what could cause black bleeding outside of the menstrual period?

Doctor's answer (1)
Dr. Chen Zhe
Black vaginal bleeding outside of menstruation may indicate pregnancy, or it could be a sign of abnormal uterine bleeding. Common causes include cervical polyps, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, and cervical cancer. Endometrial conditions such as endometrial hyperplasia, endometrial polyps, and endometrial cancer can also cause such bleeding. A history of cesarean section may lead to irregular bleeding and requires further investigation. Hormonal imbalances can result in abnormal ovarian ovulation, leading to irregular bleeding.