Which environmental factors are harmful to fetal growth and development?

Environmental factors affecting fetal growth and development mainly include: 1. Chemical factors: such as teratogens, mutagens, organic solvents, and harmful substances produced by smoking. These can be transported via the maternal bloodstream to the fetus, causing harm to its development. 2. Physical factors: such as noise, radiation, heat, and vibration. Radiation, in particular, has significant adverse effects on the fetus and may lead to congenital malformations or developmental abnormalities. 3. Biological factors: including diseases, parasites, and viruses. Over a dozen types of viruses can cross the placenta and harm the fetus, potentially resulting in stillbirth, preterm birth, or developmental delays. 4. Environmental pollution and biological contamination are also important factors influencing fetal health. Exposure to the above harmful factors should be minimized as much as possible to ensure the fetus develops healthily in an optimal environment.