What causes acute epididymitis?

Acute epididymitis is mainly caused by the following factors: 1. Retrograde infection: This is the most common cause. Infections from posterior urethritis, prostatitis, or seminal vesiculitis travel up the vas deferens to the epididymis, leading to acute epididymitis. 2. Lymphatic spread: Viruses or bacteria reach the epididymis via the lymphatic system, causing inflammation. 3. Hematogenous infection: Although less common, pathogens can also reach the epididymis through the bloodstream and trigger infection. 4. Other causes: Conditions such as urethral stricture, improper use of urethral instruments, or indwelling urinary catheters after bladder or prostate surgery may also lead to acute epididymitis. The causative organisms are mostly Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus species, and others, commonly seen in young and middle-aged men. Once related symptoms appear, prompt medical attention and treatment are necessary.