Why do closed comedones and pimples develop?

The causes of closed comedones and pimples are multifaceted, primarily including the following factors: 1. **Excessive sebum production**: When androgen levels in the body rise or when dietary habits are improper (e.g., high-sugar or high-fat diets), sebaceous glands may be stimulated to produce excessive oil, leading to clogged pores and subsequently closed comedones and pimples. 2. **Hair follicle blockage**: Abnormal keratinization at the follicular opening can narrow or obstruct the follicle, preventing the normal discharge of sebum and contributing significantly to the formation of closed comedones and pimples. 3. **Bacterial infection**: Overproliferation of bacteria such as *Propionibacterium acnes* within the hair follicles can cause inflammation and promote the development of closed comedones and pimples. 4. **Unhealthy lifestyle habits**: Factors such as inadequate skin cleansing, staying up late, and excessive stress can impair normal skin metabolism and repair processes, thereby increasing the risk of developing closed comedones and pimples. If you have any concerns, please consult a relevant healthcare professional.