What is Guillain-Barré syndrome?

Guillain-Barré syndrome, also known as GBS, is an autoimmune-mediated acute or subacute peripheral neuropathy. It is characterized by demyelinating lesions of the spinal and peripheral nerves, often involving the cranial nerves, especially the facial nerve. The main clinical manifestations of this disease include symmetrical limb weakness and flaccid paralysis. In most patients, symptoms progress from distal to proximal areas, and in severe cases may involve the respiratory muscles, leading to difficulty breathing. The exact pathogenesis of Guillain-Barré syndrome remains incompletely understood, but it is often associated with immune responses, viral infections, trauma, or surgical procedures. Treatment mainly involves a comprehensive approach including immunotherapy, neurotrophic therapy, and general supportive care. Most patients can fully recover with timely treatment, but a minority of severe cases may develop life-threatening complications.