What are the main clinical manifestations of renal tuberculosis?

The main clinical manifestations of renal tuberculosis include the following aspects: 1. Urinary system symptoms: The most prominent are bladder irritative symptoms, such as frequent urination, urgency, and dysuria. These symptoms gradually worsen as the disease progresses and may even lead to urinary incontinence. Hematuria is also a common symptom of renal tuberculosis, often presenting as terminal hematuria, although a few patients may experience gross hematuria throughout urination. Additionally, some patients may develop pyuria, with large numbers of pus cells present in the urine, which may appear rice-water-like in severe cases. 2. Flank pain: Patients with renal tuberculosis usually do not experience significant flank pain. However, when ureteral obstruction or severe kidney lesions occur, renal colic or dull pain may develop. 3. Systemic symptoms: These are often nonspecific. In advanced renal tuberculosis or when combined with active tuberculosis in other organs, patients may exhibit symptoms of tuberculous intoxication, such as low-grade fever, night sweats, weight loss, and anemia. 4. Other manifestations: Male patients may have concurrent genitourinary tuberculosis, such as epididymal tuberculosis. In addition, renal tuberculosis may lead to complications such as hydronephrosis and bladder contraction.