Early Symptoms of Multiple Myeloma
Jan 24, 2022
Source: Cainiu Health
Dr. Lin Yunfei
Introduction
Early Symptoms of Multiple Myeloma: Clinical manifestations of multiple myeloma are highly variable. Bone pain, skeletal deformities, and pathological fractures are the most common presenting symptoms. These result from osteoclast activation by osteoclast-activating factors secreted by myeloma cells, leading to bone resorption and destruction. Due to the production of monoclonal (M) protein, patients may exhibit hematuria, pyuria, urinary casts, and hypercalcemia.
Multiple myeloma is a malignant plasma cell disorder characterized by uncontrolled proliferation of malignant plasma cells in the bone marrow, leading to suppression of normal hematopoietic cells. Concurrently, excessive production of monoclonal immunoglobulin or free light chains occurs due to abnormal clonal expansion of plasma cells. Clinically, early manifestations may include multiple lytic bone lesions, hypercalcemia, anemia, and renal impairment.
Early Symptoms of Multiple Myeloma
Clinical presentations of multiple myeloma are highly variable. Bone pain, skeletal deformities, and pathological fractures are the most common initial symptoms. These result from osteoclast-activating factors secreted by myeloma cells, which stimulate osteoclast activity and cause bone resorption and destruction. Due to the production of M-protein, patients may develop hematuria, pyuria, urinary casts, hypercalcemia, and hyperuricemia; in severe cases, chronic renal failure may ensue. Suppression of normal hematopoiesis can lead to anemia and bleeding tendencies. Neutropenia predisposes patients to bacterial infections, while fungal and viral infections may also occur. Hepatosplenomegaly and lymphadenopathy may be present; localized masses—often confirmed histopathologically as plasmacytomas—may occasionally be observed.
Chemotherapy remains the cornerstone of treatment for multiple myeloma. Commonly used chemotherapeutic agents include melphalan, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, and glucocorticoids. In selected patients, autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation may be considered. Supportive care is critically important: red blood cell transfusions or erythropoietin administration can correct anemia; combination antibiotic therapy helps control infections; and for patients with renal impairment, intravenous isotonic saline hydration or, when necessary, hemodialysis may be required.
We hope the above information is helpful to you.
