Causes of Recurrent Oral Ulcers

Oral ulcers, commonly known as “mouth sores,” are a frequent ulcerative condition affecting the oral mucosa. They most commonly occur on the inner surface of the lips, tongue, ventral surface of the tongue, buccal mucosa, vestibular groove, and soft palate—areas where the mucosa lacks keratinization or exhibits poor keratinization. What causes recurrent oral ulcers? Below, we address this question.

Causes of Recurrent Oral Ulcers

Recurrent oral ulcers are typically recurrent aphthous ulcers (RAUs), characterized by periodicity, recurrence, and self-limitation. Their pathogenesis is associated with genetic, immunological, and infectious factors, as well as environmental and psychosocial factors—including psychological anxiety and stress related to daily life or work. Currently, RAUs are generally difficult to cure definitively. Other ulcer types, such as traumatic ulcers, may also recur if the causative trauma persists.

Knowledge Extension: Treatment of Oral Ulcers

The treatment principles for recurrent oral ulcers include anti-inflammatory action, pain relief, prevention of secondary infection, and promotion of healing. Based on symptom severity, oral mucosal specialists prescribe various medications: for example, mouth rinses to maintain oral hygiene and prevent secondary infection; topical epidermal growth factor (EGF)-based agents to accelerate ulcer healing; lidocaine-containing gels with local anesthetic properties to alleviate pain; thymosin enteric-coated tablets and total glucosides of paeony capsules to modulate immune function and prolong the interval between ulcer recurrences; and certain topical or systemic corticosteroids for severe ulcers with prominent symptoms.

The above outlines the causes of recurrent oral ulcers. We hope this information proves helpful to you.