What causes the varicella-zoster virus?

Herpes zoster (shingles) is caused by the varicella-zoster virus (VZV) and predominantly affects adults, with peak incidence occurring in spring and autumn. The incidence increases with age.

What causes herpes zoster?

Herpes zoster results from reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus—the sole human host for this virus. Initially, VZV enters the body via the respiratory mucosa, disseminates hematogenously to cause viremia, and leads to either overt varicella (chickenpox) or asymptomatic (subclinical) infection. Thereafter, the virus establishes lifelong latency within dorsal root ganglia or cranial nerve sensory ganglia. Upon exposure to certain triggers—such as physical trauma, fatigue, malignancy, or immunosuppression following illness—the latent virus reactivates, travels anterogradely along sensory nerve axons to the skin dermatome innervated by that nerve, replicates locally, and produces characteristic vesicles. Concurrently, inflammation and neuronal damage occur in the affected nerve, resulting in neuropathic pain.

Patients diagnosed with herpes zoster must prioritize rest and enhance their immune function—for instance, by avoiding late-night activities—to promote faster recovery. Individuals without herpes zoster can also take preventive measures to reduce their risk. Dietary modifications include avoiding spicy foods and “heat-inducing” foods such as beef and mutton; instead, consuming lean meats and protein-rich foods appropriately helps bolster immune function.

If such symptoms develop—especially if severe—prompt medical evaluation and treatment at a hospital are essential. We hope this article has been helpful to you!