What causes hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy?
Sep 24, 2024
Source: Cainiu Health
Dr. Lv Zhiqin
Introduction
Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy may be associated with intense physical exertion, high altitude, severe anemia, chronic bronchitis, cardiogenic shock, and other factors. It is recommended to seek timely medical attention and receive treatments such as general supportive care and medication under the guidance of a physician. In daily life, strenuous exercise should be avoided and high-altitude areas should be visited less frequently to improve cerebral oxygenation and prevent or reduce brain injury.
In general, hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy may be associated with intense physical exercise, high altitude, severe anemia, chronic bronchitis, cardiogenic shock, and other factors. If discomfort occurs, prompt medical attention is recommended. A detailed analysis is as follows:
1. Intense Physical Exercise
During intense physical activity, the muscles' demand for oxygen increases sharply, and cardiac output rises to meet this demand. However, in certain individuals—such as those with cardiovascular insufficiency—the body may fail to adjust promptly, leading to inadequate oxygen supply to vital organs like the brain, which can trigger hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Immediate cessation of exercise, rest, and monitoring of vital signs are required. Oxygen supplementation may be necessary when indicated.
2. High Altitude
At high altitudes, reduced atmospheric pressure leads to lower partial pressure of oxygen, decreasing blood oxygen saturation. To compensate, the body increases respiratory rate and heart rate, but this may still result in insufficient oxygen delivery and lead to hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Rapid descent to a lower altitude is essential, along with oxygen inhalation. In severe cases, hyperbaric oxygen therapy may be required.
3. Severe Anemia
Severe anemia may result from significant blood loss, excessive red blood cell destruction, or decreased red blood cell production. A marked reduction in red blood cell count or hemoglobin levels impairs the blood's oxygen-carrying capacity, leading to insufficient oxygen supply to highly metabolic organs such as the brain. This manifests as the aforementioned symptoms, often accompanied by pallor, fatigue, palpitations, and shortness of breath. Treatment may include medications such as Ejiao Bu Xue Granules, Yizhong Shengxue Capsules, or Ferrous Sulfate Tablets, used as directed by a physician.
4. Chronic Bronchitis
Chronic bronchitis may be triggered by smoking, chemical exposure, occupational dust, and other factors. Impaired gas exchange in the lungs reduces arterial oxygen pressure, resulting in prolonged hypoxia. Vital organs such as the brain suffer from inadequate oxygen supply, potentially progressing to hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Symptoms commonly include dyspnea, cough, and sputum production. Medications such as Bromhexine Hydrochloride Tablets, Ambroxol Hydrochloride Injection, and Budesonide Nasal Spray may be used under medical supervision.
5. Cardiogenic Shock
Cardiogenic shock is often caused by advanced age, infection, or other factors, leading to a significant decrease in cardiac output and systemic hypotension. Cerebral blood flow consequently decreases, resulting in hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Common accompanying symptoms include low blood pressure, cold and clammy skin, altered mental status, and difficulty breathing. Treatment may involve medications such as Dopamine Hydrochloride Injection, Epinephrine Hydrochloride Injection, or Dobutamine Hydrochloride Injection, administered as prescribed by a physician.
In daily life, it is advisable to avoid intense physical exertion and minimize visits to high-altitude regions to improve cerebral oxygenation and help prevent or mitigate brain injury.
