How is neonatal aspiration pneumonia caused?

Generally, neonatal aspiration pneumonia may be caused by factors such as meconium aspiration, amniotic fluid aspiration, milk aspiration, prematurity, or ingestion of solids. Patients should seek timely medical evaluation at a qualified hospital to identify the underlying cause and receive appropriate treatment. Detailed explanations are as follows:

1. Meconium Aspiration

Fetal hypoxia during intrauterine development or delivery may enhance intestinal peristalsis and relax the anal sphincter, leading to meconium passage. If respiratory movements occur simultaneously, meconium may be aspirated into the airway, causing pulmonary inflammation and resulting in aspiration pneumonia. This may be accompanied by symptoms such as tachypnea and cyanosis.

2. Amniotic Fluid Aspiration

Small amounts of amniotic fluid aspiration during normal delivery are usually absorbed spontaneously. However, if fetal distress or prolonged labor occurs, excessive or contaminated amniotic fluid may be aspirated. Once amniotic fluid enters the lungs, it can trigger an inflammatory response leading to aspiration pneumonia. Symptoms may include grunting and nasal flaring.

3. Milk Aspiration

Neonates have immature swallowing functions. When feeding is too rapid or the nipple hole is too large, milk may enter the airway rather than the esophagus. Milk irritation of lung tissue can trigger inflammation, leading to aspiration pneumonia, often accompanied by coughing and cyanosis. Feeding speed should be carefully controlled, and aspirated milk should be promptly cleared from the nose and mouth; medical attention may be necessary if required.

4. Prematurity

Preterm infants have underdeveloped respiratory and swallowing functions, along with weak cough reflexes, making it difficult to effectively expel inhaled foreign substances. These substances may remain in the lungs, increasing the risk of infection and inflammation, which can lead to aspiration pneumonia. Symptoms may include shallow and rapid breathing and weak sucking. Close monitoring and proper care are essential for preterm infants, and any abnormalities should be promptly reported to a physician.

5. Ingestion of Solids

Newborns have very weak digestive systems and airway defense mechanisms. Accidental ingestion of small solid particles may obstruct the airway and damage lung tissue, causing inflammation and resulting in aspiration pneumonia. Although rare, this situation can have severe consequences. Symptoms may include severe coughing and respiratory distress.

Attention should be given to neonatal care during daily routines. Proper feeding posture should be maintained to avoid rapid milk flow. Formula should be thoroughly mixed to prevent clumping. Neonatal breathing and feeding patterns should be closely observed, and any abnormalities should prompt immediate medical attention. Additionally, preterm infants should receive appropriate care under medical guidance to reduce the risk of illness.