What causes aplastic anemia?

In general, the main causes of aplastic anemia include medication factors, exposure to chemical substances, radiation damage, viral infections, and autoimmune abnormalities. If symptoms such as persistent fatigue, gum bleeding, or skin bruising occur, it is recommended to seek timely medical evaluation and treatment at a正规 hospital. The specific analysis is as follows:

1. Medication factors

Improper use or overdose of certain drugs can directly damage bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells and suppress bone marrow hematopoietic function, leading to reduced production of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets, thereby triggering aplastic anemia. This condition is often related to drug dosage, duration of use, and individual sensitivity.

2. Exposure to chemical substances

Long-term exposure to chemicals such as benzene, formaldehyde, and pesticides can disrupt the bone marrow's hematopoietic microenvironment and damage the DNA of hematopoietic stem cells, impairing their normal proliferation and differentiation capacity. This leads to bone marrow failure and induces aplastic anemia. It is commonly seen in individuals engaged in chemical manufacturing or renovation industries with inadequate protective measures.

3. Radiation injury

Prolonged or high-dose exposure to ionizing radiation can damage hematopoietic stem cells and the bone marrow microenvironment, inhibit cell division and proliferation, reduce bone marrow hematopoietic function, and result in insufficient blood cell production, ultimately causing aplastic anemia. This is frequently observed among occupational workers exposed to radiation or patients who have received excessive radiation therapy.

4. Viral infection

Some viral infections may directly invade bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells or indirectly damage hematopoietic tissues through immune responses, resulting in bone marrow dysfunction and triggering aplastic anemia. Aplastic anemia associated with hepatitis virus tends to progress rapidly.

5. Autoimmune abnormalities

In some individuals, immune system dysregulation leads to the production of antibodies or immune cells that target their own hematopoietic stem cells, mistakenly attacking hematopoietic tissues and suppressing the proliferation and differentiation of stem cells. This results in bone marrow failure and causes aplastic anemia. This type falls within the category of autoimmune diseases.

In daily life, it is important to strictly follow medical instructions when taking medications and avoid self-medicating with drugs that may harm the bone marrow. When exposed to chemicals or radiation, proper protective measures should be taken to minimize risks. Personal hygiene should be maintained to prevent viral infections. If any suspicious symptoms appear, prompt medical evaluation is essential to avoid delayed treatment. Patients already diagnosed should undergo regular follow-up tests including complete blood counts and bone marrow examinations, and adjust treatment plans according to medical advice.