How is acute sepsis caused?

Acute septicemia, commonly referred to in medical terms as sepsis or bacteremia, is a severe systemic infectious reaction. It is caused by pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites, along with their toxins, entering the bloodstream and triggering an excessive immune response by the body. The main causes include:

1. Invasion from an infection source: Pathogenic microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi enter the circulatory system through breaches in the skin or mucous membranes (e.g., after squeezing boils or abscesses) or via indwelling catheters (e.g., drainage tubes).

2. Spread of local infections: Local infections, such as acute pyelonephritis, may spread into the bloodstream and throughout the body if not treated promptly.

3. Immune dysfunction: Long-term use of immunosuppressive agents or glucocorticoids, severe underlying diseases (e.g., diabetes, cirrhosis), or neutropenia can lead to weakened immune function, making the body more susceptible to secondary infections that may result in septicemia.

4. Other factors: Sepsis may also arise from the spread of infection originating in tissues or organs, or due to breaches in skin or mucous membranes, such as extensive burns or open fractures, which allow pathogens to enter the bloodstream, causing exogenous infection.