What hormones can the pituitary gland secrete?

The pituitary gland secretes a variety of hormones, including gonadotropins, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and prolactin.

1. Gonadotropins

Gonadotropins are glycoprotein hormones that regulate the development of the gonads in both males and females and promote the synthesis and secretion of sex hormones. Based on their physiological functions, they are classified into follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). FSH stimulates ovarian follicular development and estrogen secretion in females, and promotes the development of seminiferous tubules and spermatogenesis in males. LH triggers ovulation and progesterone secretion in females, and stimulates testosterone production by Leydig cells in the testes of males.

2. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

ACTH is secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. It stimulates the development of the adrenal cortex and maintains normal adrenal function, promoting the secretion of essential hormones by the adrenal glands. ACTH secretion follows a distinct circadian rhythm: levels peak upon waking in the early morning and reach their lowest point during deep sleep.

3. Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

TSH is an endocrine hormone secreted by the pituitary gland, commonly abbreviated as TSH. Its primary role is to stimulate thyroid function—including the synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones—as well as thyroid cell proliferation and hypertrophy. Elevated TSH levels typically indicate hypothyroidism.

4. Prolactin

Also known as pituitary prolactin, this is a protein hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary. It plays a critical role in mammary gland development and lactation. Prolactin levels increase significantly during late pregnancy and lactation in women. However, abnormally high prolactin levels may lead to menstrual disorders, amenorrhea, and genital atrophy.