What does the lower limb pathological sign include?

In general, lower limb pathological signs include Babinski sign, ankle clonus, Hoffmann's sign, and others. The details are as follows:

1. Babinski Sign

Also known as the plantar reflex test, this is a type of pathological reflex. With the patient lying supine and lower limbs extended, hold the patient's ankle with both hands and gently stroke the sole of the foot from the heel to the lateral edge using a blunt object. If the toes flex downward (plantar flexion), the response is normal. However, if the big toe extends upward (dorsiflexion) and the other toes fan out, this indicates a positive Babinski sign.

2. Ankle Clonus

This is typically performed with the patient lying supine. One hand supports the patient’s calf, keeping the knee partially flexed, while the other hand quickly pushes the patient’s foot upward. If rhythmic flexion and extension movements occur at the ankle joint, the test is positive. Patients may also experience muscle pain, motor dysfunction, and related symptoms.

3. Hoffmann's Sign

Also known as the middle finger flick test, this examination involves holding the patient’s middle finger between the examiner’s index and middle fingers, maintaining the wrist in a dorsiflexed position. After ensuring the patient is relaxed, the examiner rapidly flicks the patient’s middle fingernail. If flexion movements of the fingers occur, particularly palmar flexion, this indicates a positive Hoffmann's sign.

In addition to the above, other signs such as Brudzinski's sign and Kreiner’s sign may also be present. These neurological signs can significantly affect a patient’s muscular activity. Therefore, patients should promptly seek medical evaluation and actively cooperate with treatment upon detection of any such signs.